Description Wnt3a is a member of the Wnt family and is involved in cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and cell movement. The classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the most...

Description The three mammalian isoforms, TGF-β1, β2, and β3, signal through the same receptor and elicit similar biological responses. They are multifunctional cytokines that regulate cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and...

Description Oncostatin M (OSM) belongs to the interleukin-6 cytokine family. OSM is a glycoprotein secreted by activated monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. OSM was first discovered as a...

Description Noggin is a secreted dimeric glycoprotein that is widely expressed in vertebrates and is highly conserved among different vertebrate species. Noggin is a key regulator that modulates the formation...

Description M-CSF is a disulfide-linked homodimeric glycoprotein and core member of the colony-stimulating factor family. By specifically binding the c-Fms receptor (CSF-1R/CD115), it induces receptor dimerization and internalization and activates...

Description Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It is expressed in various brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala,...

Description Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is a member of the FGF family, playing crucial roles in embryonic development, cell proliferation, and differentiation. It promotes the proliferation of neural stem...

Description Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is one of the most widely distributed and extensively studied neurotrophic factors in the mammalian brain. BDNF is secreted by glutamatergic neurons and glial cells...