Bcakground Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional α-helical cytokine that regulates cell growth and differentiation of various tissues (1, 2). Mature human IL-6 is 183 amino acids in length and shares...
Bcakground Interleukin-7 (IL-7) , is a 25 kDa cytokine of the hemopoietin family that plays important roles in lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation, and survival (1-4). Human IL-7 cDNA encodes 177 amino...
Bcakground Interleukin-8 (IL-8) , also known as CXCL8, GCP-1, and NAP-1, is a widely expressed proinflammatory member of the CXC family of chemokines. Near its N-terminus, this 8-9 kDa chemokine...
Bcakground Interleukin-9 (IL-9) ,also known as P40 and MEA (mast cell growth-enhancing activity), is a 30-40 kDa glycosylated member of a cytokine family that includes Interleukins-2, -4, -7, -15, and...
Bcakground Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)is a neurotrophic factor that has been shown to promote the survival of various neuronal subpopulations in both the central as well as the...
Bcakground Prolactin (gene name PRL) is a secreted neuroendocrine pituitary hormone that acts primarily on the mammary gland to promote lactation, but has pleiotropic effects in both males and females...
Bcakground Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor(M-CSF),also known as CSF-1, is a four-alpha -helical-bundle cytokine that is the primary regulator of macrophage survival, proliferation and differentiation (1-3). M-CSF protein is also essential...
Bcakground Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) , also known as type II or immune interferon, exerts a wide range of immunoregulatory activities and is considered to be the prototype proinflammatory cytokine (1, 2)....
PDL1 is one of the ligands for PD-1 and plays a critical role in the regulation of T cell immunity. Mature human PDL1 protein is is expressed on inflammatory-activated immune...
Bcakground Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that regulates T and natural killer cell activation and proliferation. This cytokine and interleukine 2 share many biological activities. (1, 2). Mature human IL-15...
Bcakground Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a monomeric 17 kDa immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergy, cancer, and tissue fibrosis. It is secreted by several helper...
Bcakground Interleukin-4 (IL-4) , also known as B cell-stimulatory factor-1, is a monomeric, approximately Th2 cytokine that shows pleiotropic effects during immune responses (1-4). Mature mouse IL-4 shares 39%, 39%,...
Bcakground Interleukin-5 (IL-5)is a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the alpha -helical group of cytokines (1 - 3). Unlike other family members, it is present as a covalently linked antiparallel...
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a widely expressed 14 kDa cytokine that is structurally and functionally related to IL-2 and plays an important role in many immunological diseases. IL-15 binds with...
Interleukin 18 binding protein (IL-18 BP) is a secreted glycoprotein, which functions as an IL-18 antagonist by binding to IL-18 and blocking its biological activity. IL 18 BP bears no...
Bcakground Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an O-glycosylated four α-helix bundle cytokine that has potent stimulatory activity for antigen-activated T cells. It is expressed by CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, γδ T...
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine in the IL-1 family that exerts distinct immune effects depending on the local cytokine environment. It is expressed as a 24 kDa precursor by...
Bcakground Interleukin-3 (IL-3)is a pleiotropic factor produced primarily by activated T cells that can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage...
Bcakground Interleukin-13 (IL-13) , is a 17 kDa immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and atopy. It is secreted by Th1 and Th2...
Bcakground Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays important roles in the acute phase reaction, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and cancer progression (1 - 5). Mature mouse IL-6 is 187 amino acids (aa) in...
Bcakground Interleukin-7 (IL-7)is a 25 kDa cytokine of the hemopoietin family that plays important roles in lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation, and survival (1 -4). Mouse IL-7 cDNA encodes 154 amino acids...
Bcakground Thrombopoietin (Tpo) is a key regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. It is principally produced in the liver and is bound and internalized by the receptor TpoR/c-Mpl. Defects in the...
Bcakground Interleukin-12 (IL-12) , also known as natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) or cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (CLMF), is a pleiotropic cytokine originally identified in the medium of activated...
Bcakground TGF-beta 2 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure . TGF-beta...
Bcakground Interleukin 10 ,also known as cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is the charter member of the IL-10 family of alpha -helical cytokines that also includesIL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and...
Bcakground TGF-beta 3 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure . TGF-beta...
Bcakground Interleukin-2 (IL2),also known as a T-cell growth factor, TCGF, and Aldesleukin, is a secreted protein that belongs to the IL-2 family. IL2 has potent stimulatory activity for antigen-activated T...
Bcakground Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a potent growth-promoting cytokine that belongs to the IL-3 family. IL3/IL-3 also belongs to the group of interleukins Interleukins are produced by a wide variety of...
Background TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-β superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure (1–7). TGF-β1, -2,...
Bcakground Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also known as B cell-stimulatory factor-1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the IL-4 / IL-13 family (1-3). It is a glycosylated polypeptide that contains three...
Bcakground Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) , also known as CTLA-8, is a 15-20 kDa glycosylated cytokine that plays an important role in anti-microbial and chronic inflammation. The six IL-17 cytokines (IL-17A-F) are...
Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is proteolytically cleaved to form thrombin in the clotting process. Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of...
Bcakground Interleukin 5 (IL5) , is a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the alpha -helical group of cytokines (1 - 3). IL5 is present as a covalently linked antiparallel dimer...
A serum protein found in association with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells. The protein has a predominantly beta-pleated...
The Insulin Receptor (gene name INSR, designated CD220) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the Insulin/IGF Receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases that share structural similarity and overlapping intracellular...
Bcakground Interleukin 23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of two disulfide-linked subunits, a p19 subunit that is unique to IL-23, and a p40 subunit that is shared with IL-12...
Bcakground Interleukin-21(IL-21) is an approximately 14 kDa four-helix-bundle cytokine in the family of cytokines that utilize the common gamma chain as a receptor subunit. gamma c is also a subunit...
The human Sftpd is part of the innate immune response, protecting the lungs against inhaled microorganisms and chemicals. The protein may also be involved in surfactant metabolism.
Bcakground Recombinant mouse LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) is commonly used in cell culture to maintain the pluripotency of stem cells. LIF is a widely expressed pleiotropic member of the IL-6...
Description Human PLGF involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor, a glycolipid containing three mannose molecules in its core backbone, is found on many blood cells where it serves to...
Bcakground Interleukin 1 (IL-1) , is a name that designates two proteins, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, which are the products of distinct genes, but which show approximately 25% amino...