Bcakground

CCL2 , also called monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) or JE, is a member of the C-C or beta chemokine family that is best known as a chemotactic agent for mononuclear cells (1, 2). Human CCL2 cDNA encodes a 99 amino acid (aa) precursor protein with a 23 aa signal peptide and a 76 aa mature protein (2). Removal of the first 5 aa of the mature protein, including the N-terminal pyrrolidone carboxylic acid-modified glutamine, occurs naturally by metalloproteinase cleavage and down-regulates activity but not receptor binding (3). CCL2 may form multiple bands from 8.7-13.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE due to non-covalent dimerization and variable carbohydrate content (3). Mature human CCL2 shares 78-79% aa identity with canine, porcine and equine CCL2, while mouse and rat express a form of CCL2 that is extended by 49 aa and shares only ~56% aa identity within the common region. Human CCL2 can, however, induce a response in murine cells (4). Fibroblasts, glioma cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes can produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon mitogenic stimulation, but monocytes and macrophages appear to be the major source (1, 2). In addition to its chemotactic activity, CCL2 induces enzyme and cytokine release by monocytes, NK cells and lymphocytes, and histamine release by basophils that express its receptor, CCR2 (2). Additionally, it promotes Th2 polarization in CD4+ T cells (5). CCL2-mediated recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation is proposed to play a role in the pathology of atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and allergic asthma (6, 7).

Reference

1. Yoshimura, T. et al. (1989) FEBS Lett. 244:487.

2. Deshmane, S.L. et al. (2009) J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 29:313.

3. Proost, P. et al.(1998) J. Immunol. 160:4034.

4. Ju Lee, H. et al. (2015) J. Immunol. 194:3634.

5. Luther, S.A. and J.G. Cyster (2001) Nat. Immunol. 2:102.

6. Daly, C. et al. (2003) Microcirculation 10:247.

7. Aukrust, P. et al. (2008) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28:1909.

Specifications

Synonyms	CCL2; GDCF-2; HC11; HSMCR30; MCAF; Mcp1; MCP-1; SCYA2; SMC-CF
Accession #	P13500
Source	Human embryonic kidney cell, HEK293-derived human CCL2/MCP-1 protein
Source	Gln24-Thr99
Predicted Moleucular weight	8.7 kDa

Components and Storage

Formulation	Solution protein
	Dissolved in sterile PBS buffer .
	This solution can be diluted into other aqueous buffers. Centrifuge the vial prior to opening
Storage and Stability	Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles
	It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage
	12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied
Shipping	Shipping with dry ice

Quality

Purity	> 95%, determined by SDS-PAGE
Endotoxin Level	<0.010 EU per 1 ug of the protein by the LAL method
Activity	Measured by its ability to chemoattract BaF3 mouse pro-B cells transfected with human CCR2A.
Activity	The EC50 for this effect is 0.1-1 ng/mL

SDS-PAGE

Bioactivity

Documents

Human CCL2/MCP-1