Description TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α) is an important cytokine primarily produced by activated immune cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and NK cells. It plays a central role in physiological and...

Description VEGF165 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165), one of the major isoforms of VEGF-A, functions as a disulfide-linked homodimer and plays a critical role in angiogenesis and cell culture. It...

Description TGF-β3 (Transforming Growth Factor-β3) is a pleiotropic cytokine within the TGF-β superfamily that plays important roles in embryonic development, tissue repair, immune regulation, and cell differentiation. Unlike TGF-β1, which...