Description TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α) is an important cytokine primarily produced by activated immune cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and NK cells. It plays a central role in physiological and...

Description VEGF121 is a soluble isoform of VEGF-A that lacks heparin-binding domains. It signals mainly through VEGFR-2 to promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration. VEGF121 is commonly used in vitro...

Description VEGF165 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165), one of the major isoforms of VEGF-A, functions as a disulfide-linked homodimer and plays a critical role in angiogenesis and cell culture. It...