Bcakground

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a 34 kDa glycoprotein hormone in the type I cytokine family and is related to thrombopoietin (1). Its three N-glycosylation sites, four alpha helices, and N- to C-terminal disulfide bond are conserved across species (2, 3). Glycosylation of the EPO protein is required for biological activities in vivo (4). The mature human EPO protein shares 75% - 84% amino acid sequence identity with bovine, canine, equine, feline, mouse, ovine, porcine, and rat EPO. EPO is primarily produced in the kidney by a population of fibroblast-like cortical interstitial cells adjacent to the proximal tubules (5). It is also produced in much lower, but functionally significant amounts by fetal hepatocytes and in adult liver and brain (6-8). EPO promotes erythrocyte formation by preventing the apoptosis of early erythroid precursors which express the erythropoietin receptor (EPO R) (8, 9). EPO R has also been described in brain, retina, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, endothelial cells, and a variety of tumor cells (7, 8, 10, 11). Ligand induced dimerization of EPO R triggers JAK2-mediated signaling pathways followed by receptor/ligand endocytosis and degradation (1, 12). Rapid regulation of circulating EPO allows tight control of erythrocyte production and hemoglobin concentrations. Anemia or other causes of low tissue oxygen tension induce erythropoietin production by stabilizing the hypoxia-induceable transcription factors HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha (1, 6). EPO additionally plays a tissue-protective role in ischemia by blocking apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis (7, 8, 13).

Reference

1. Koury, M.J. (2005) Exp. Hematol. 33:1263.

2. Jacobs, K. et al. (1985) Nature 313:806.

3. Wen, D. et al. (1993) Blood 82:1507.

4. Tsuda E., et al. (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 188:405.

5. Lacombe, C. et al. (1988) J. Clin. Invest. 81:620.

6. Eckardt, K.U. and A. Kurtz (2005) Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 35 Suppl. 3:13.

7. Sharples, E.J. et al. (2006) Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6:184.

8. Rossert, J. and K. Eckardt (2005) Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 20:1025.

9. Koury, M.J. and M.C. Bondurant (1990) Science 248:378.

10. Acs, G. et al. (2001) Cancer Res. 61:3561.

11. Hardee, M.E. et al. (2006) Clin. Cancer Res. 12:332.

12. Verdier, F. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:18375.

13. Kertesz, N. et al. (2004) Dev. Biol. 276:101.

Specifications

Synonyms	ECYT5; EP; EPO; epoetin; Erythropoietin; MGC138142; MVCD2
Accession #	CAA26094
Source	Human embryonic kidney cell, HEK293-derived human Erythropoietin/EPO protein
Source	Ala28-Arg193
Predicted Moleucular weight	21 kDa

Components and Storage

Formulation	Solution protein
	Dissolved in sterile PBS buffer.
	This solution can be diluted into other aqueous buffers. Centrifuge the vial prior to opening.
Storage and Stability	Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
	It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage.
	12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
Shipping	Shipping with dry ice.

Quality

Purity	> 95%, determined by SDS-PAGE.
Endotoxin Level	<0.010 EU per 1 ug of the protein by the LAL method.
Activity	Measured in a cell proliferation assay using TF-1 human erythroleukemic cells.
Activity	The EC50 for this effect is 50-200 ng/mL.

SDS-PAGE

Gel filtration

Bioactivity

Documents

Human EPO